中华人民共和国宪法(附英文)

【时 效 性】 有效 【颁布日期】 1982-12-04
【颁布单位】 全国人民代表大会 【实施日期】 1982-12-04
【法规层次】 法律及有关法律问题的决定 【文  号】
【首选类别】 国家基本法规 【次选类别】
【其它类别】 【其它类别】
【关 键 字】 中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编

(题注:一九八二年十二月四日第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过)

目录

    序言

    第一章 总纲

    第二章 公民的基本权利和义务

    第三章 国家机构

        第一节 全国人民代表大会

        第二节 中华人民共和国主席

        第三节 国务院

       第四节  中央军事委员会

        第五节 地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府

        第六节 民族自治地方的自治机关

        第七节 人民法院和人民检察院

    第四章 国旗、国徽、首都

序言

    中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化,具有光荣的革命传统。

    一八四○年以后,封建的中国逐渐变成半殖民地、半封建的国家。中国人民为国家独立、民族解放和民主自由进行了前仆后继的英勇奋斗。

    二十世纪,中国发生了翻天覆地的伟大历史变革。

    一九一一年孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命,废除了封建帝制,创立了中华民国。但是,中国人民反对帝国主义和封建主义的历史任务还没有完成。

    一九四九年,以毛泽东主席为领袖的中国共产党领导中国各族人民,在经历了长期的艰难曲折的武装斗争和其他形式的斗争以后,终于推翻了帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的统治,取得了新民主主义革命的伟大胜利,建立了中华人民共和国。从此,中国人民掌握了国家的权力,成为国家的主人。

    中华人民共和国成立以后,我国社会逐步实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的过渡。生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经完成,人剥削人的制度已经消灭,社会主义制度已经确立。工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政,实质上即无产阶级专政,得到巩固和发展。中国人民和中国人民解放军战胜了帝国主义、霸权主义的侵略、破坏和武装挑衅,维护了国家的独立和安全,增强了国防。经济建设取得了重大的成就,独立的、比较完整的社会主义工业体系已经基本形成,农业生产显著提高。教育、科学、文化等事业有了很大的发展,社会主义思想教育取得了明显的成效。广大人民的生活有了较大的改善。

    中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就,都是中国共产党领导中国各族人民,在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的指引下,坚持真理,修正错误,战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。今后国家的根本任务是集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设。中国各族人民将继续在中国共产党领导下,在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想指引下,坚持人民民主专政,坚持社会主义道路,不断完善社会主义的各项制度,发展社会主义民主,健全社会主义法制,自力更生,艰苦奋斗,逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化,把我国建设成为高度文明、高度民主的社会主义国家。

    在我国,剥削阶级作为阶级已经消灭,但是阶级斗争还将在一定范围内长期存在。中国人民对敌视和破坏我国社会主义制度的国内外的敌对势力和敌对分子,必须进行斗争。

    台湾是中华人民共和国的神圣领土的一部分。完成统一祖国的大业是包括台湾同胞在内的全中国人民的神圣职责。

    社会主义的建设事业必须依靠工人、农民和知识分子,团结一切可以团结的力量。在长期的革命和建设过程中,已经结成由中国共产党领导的,有各民主党派和各人民团体参加的,包括全体社会主义劳动者、拥护社会主义的爱国者和拥护祖国统一的爱国者的广泛的爱国统一战线,这个统一战线将继续巩固和发展。中国人民政治协商会议是有广泛代表性的统一战线组织,过去发挥了重要的历史作用,今后在国家政治生活、社会生活和对外友好活动中,在进行社会主义现代化建设、维护国家的统一和团结的斗争中,将进一步发挥它的重要作用。

    中华人民共和国是全国各族人民共同缔造的统一的多民族国家。平等、团结、互助的社会主义民族关系已经确立,并将继续加强。在维护民族团结的斗争中,要反对大民族主义,主要是大汉族主义,也要反对地方民族主义。国家尽一切努力,促进全国各民族的共同繁荣。

    中国革命和建设的成就是同世界人民的支持分不开的。中国的前途是同世界的前途紧密地联系在一起的。中国坚持独立自主的对外政策,坚持互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处的五项原则,发展同各国的外交关系和经济、文化的交流;坚持反对帝国主义、霸权主义、殖民主义,加强同世界各国人民的团结,支持被压迫民族和发展中国家争取和维护民族独立、发展民族经济的正义斗争,为维护世界和平和促进人类进步事业而努力。

    宪法以法律的形式确认了中国各族人民奋斗的成果,规定了国家的根本制度和根本任务,是国家的根本法,具有最高的法律效力。全国各族人民、一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织,都必须以宪法为根本的活动准则,并且负有维护宪法尊严、保证宪法实施的职责。

第一章  总纲

    第一条 中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。

    社会主义制度是中华人民共和国的根本制度。禁止任何组织或者个人破坏社会主义制度。

    第二条 中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。

    人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。

    人民依照法律规定,通过各种途径和形式,管理国家事务,管理经济和文化事业,管理社会事务。

    第三条 中华人民共和国的国家机构实行民主集中制的原则。

    全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会都由民主选举产生,对人民负责,受人民监督。

    国家行政机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生,对它负责,受它监督。

    中央和地方的国家机构职权的划分,遵循在中央的统一领导下,充分发挥地方的主动性、积极性的原则。

    第四条 中华人民共和国各民族一律平等。国家保障各少数民族的合法的权利和利益,维护和发展各民族的平等、团结、互助关系。禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫,禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。

    国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要,帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展。

    各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治,设立自治机关,行使自治权。各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分。

    各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由,都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由。

    第五条 国家维护社会主义法制的统一和尊严。

    一切法律、行政法规和地方性法规都不得同宪法相抵触。

    一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织都必须遵守宪法和法律。一切违反宪法和法律的行为,必须予以追究。

    任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权。

    第六条 中华人民共和国的社会主义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制,即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制。

    社会主义公有制消灭人剥削人的制度,实行各尽所能,按劳分配的原则。

    第七条 国营经济是社会主义全民所有制经济,是国民经济中的主导力量。国家保障国营经济的巩固和发展。

    第八条 农村人民公社、农业生产合作社和其他生产、供销、信用、消费等各种形式的合作经济,是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。参加农村集体经济组织的劳动者,有权在法律规定的范围内经营自留地、自留山、家庭副业和饲养自留畜。

    城镇中的手工业、工业、建筑业、运输业、商业、服务业等行业的各种形式的合作经济,都是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。

    国家保护城乡集体经济组织的合法的权利和利益,鼓励、指导和帮助集体经济的发展。

    第九条 矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等自然资源,都属于国家所有,即全民所有;由法律规定属于集体所有的森林和山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂除外。

    国家保障自然资源的合理利用,保护珍贵的动物和植物。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏自然资源。

    第十条 城市的土地属于国家所有。

    农村和城市郊区的土地,除由法律规定属于国家所有的以外,属于集体所有;宅基地和自留地、自留山,也属于集体所有。

    国家为了公共利益的需要,可以依照法律规定对土地实行征用。

    任何组织或者个人不得侵占、买卖、出租或者以其他形式非法转让土地。

    一切使用土地的组织和个人必须合理地利用土地。

    第十一条 在法律规定范围内的城乡劳动者个体经济,是社会主义公有制经济的补充。国家保护个体经济的合法的权利和利益。

    国家通过行政管理,指导、帮助和监督个体经济。

    第十二条 社会主义的公共财产神圣不可侵犯。

    国家保护社会主义的公共财产。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏国家的和集体的财产。

    第十三条 国家保护公民的合法的收入、储蓄、房屋和其他合法财产的所有权。

    国家依照法律规定保护公民的私有财产的继承权。

    第十四条 国家通过提高劳动者的积极性和技术水平,推广先进的科学技术,完善经济管理体制和企业经营管理制度,实行各种形式的社会主义责任制,改进劳动组织,以不断提高劳动生产率和经济效益,发展社会生产力。

    国家厉行节约,反对浪费。

    国家合理安排积累和消费,兼顾国家、集体和个人的利益,在发展生产的基础上,逐步改善人民的物质生活和文化生活。

    第十五条 国家在社会主义公有制基础上实行计划经济。国家通过经济计划的综合平衡和市场调节的辅助作用,保证国民经济按比例地协调发展。

    禁止任何组织或者个人扰乱社会经济秩序,破坏国家经济计划。

   第十六条 国营企业在服从国家的统一领导和全面完成国家计划的前提下,在法律规定的范围内,有经营管理的自主权。

    国营企业依照法律规定,通过职工代表大会和其他形式,实行民主管理。

    第十七条 集体经济组织在接受国家计划指导和遵守有关法律的前提下,有独立进行经济活动的自主权。

    集体经济组织依照法律规定实行民主管理,由它的全体劳动者选举和罢免管理人员,决定经营管理的重大问题。

    第十八条 中华人民共和国允许外国的企业和其他经济组织或者个人依照中华人民共和国法律的规定在中国投资,同中国的企业或者其他经济组织进行各种形式的经济合作。

    在中国境内的外国企业和其他外国经济组织以及中外合资经营的企业,都必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律。它们的合法的权利和利益受中华人民共和国法律的保护。

    第十九条 国家发展社会主义的教育事业,提高全国人民的科学文化水平。

    国家举办各种学校,普及初等义务教育,发展中等教育、职业教育和高等教育,并且发展学前教育。

    国家发展各种教育设施,扫除文盲,对工人、农民、国家工作人员和其他劳动者进行政治、文化、科学、技术、业务的教育,鼓励自学成才。

    国家鼓励集体经济组织、国家企业事业组织和其他社会力量依照法律规定举办各种教育事业。

    国家推广全国通用的普通话。

    第二十条 国家发展自然科学和社会科学事业,普及科学和技术知识,奖励科学研究成果和技术发明创造。

    第二十一条 国家发展医疗卫生事业,发展现代医药和我国传统医药,鼓励和支持农村集体经济组织、国家企业事业组织和街道组织举办各种医疗卫生设施,开展群众性的卫生活动,保护人民健康。

    国家发展体育事业,开展群众性的体育活动,增强人民体质。

    第二十二条 国家发展为人民服务、为社会主义服务的文学艺术事业、新闻广播电视事业、出版发行事业、图书馆博物馆文化馆和其他文化事业,开展群众性的文化活动。

    国家保护名胜古迹、珍贵文物和其他重要历史文化遗产。

    第二十三条 国家培养为社会主义服务的各种专业人才,扩大知识分子的队伍,创造条件,充分发挥他们在社会主义现代化建设中的作用。

    第二十四条 国家通过普及理想教育、道德教育、文化教育、纪律和法制教育,通过在城乡不同范围的群众中制定和执行各种守则、公约,加强社会主义精神文明的建设。

    国家提倡爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱社会主义的公德,在人民中进行爱国主义、集体主义和国际主义、共产主义的教育,进行辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的教育,反对资本主义的、封建主义的和其他的腐朽思想。

    第二十五条 国家推行计划生育,使人口的增长同经济和社会发展计划相适应。

    第二十六条 国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境,防治污染和其他公害。

    国家组织和鼓励植树造林,保护林木。

    第二十七条 一切国家机关实行精简的原则,实行工作责任制,实行工作人员的培训和考核制度,不断提高工作质量和工作效率,反对官僚主义。

    一切国家机关和国家工作人员必须依靠人民的支持,经常保持同人民的密切联系,倾听人民的意见和建议,接受人民的监督,努力为人民服务。

    第二十八条 国家维护社会秩序,镇压叛国和其他反革命的活动,制裁危害社会治安、破坏社会主义经济和其他犯罪的活动,惩办和改造犯罪分子。

    第二十九条  中华人民共和国的武装力量属于人民。它的任务是巩固国防,抵抗侵略,保卫祖国,保卫人民的和平劳动,参加国家建设事业,努力为人民服务。

    国家加强武装力量的革命化、现代化、正规化的建设,增强国防力量。

    第三十条 中华人民共和国的行政区域划分如下:

    (一)全国分为省、自治区、直辖市;

    (二)省、自治区分为自治州、县、自治县、市;

    (三)县、自治县分为乡、民族乡、镇。

    直辖市和较大的市分为区、县。自治州分为县、自治县、市。

    自治区、自治州、自治县都是民族自治地方。

    第三十一条 国家在必要时得设立特别行政区。在特别行政区内实行的制度按照具体情况由全国人民代表大会以法律规定。

    第三十二条 中华人民共和国保护在中国境内的外国人的合法权利和利益,在中国境内的外国人必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律。

    中华人民共和国对于因为政治原因要求避难的外国人,可以给予受庇护的权利。

第二章  公民的基本权利和义务

    第三十三条 凡具有中华人民共和国国籍的人都是中华人民共和国公民。

    中华人民共和国公民在法律面前一律平等。

    任何公民享有宪法和法律规定的权利,同时必须履行宪法和法律规定的义务。

    第三十四条 中华人民共和国年满十八周岁的公民,不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况、居住期限,都有选举权和被选举权;但是依照法律被剥夺政治权利的人除外。

    第三十五条 中华人民共和国公民有言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威的自由。

    第三十六条 中华人民共和国公民有宗教信仰自由。

    任何国家机关、社会团体和个人不得强制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教,不得歧视信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。

    国家保护正常的宗教活动。任何人不得利用宗教进行破坏社会秩序、损害公民身体健康、妨碍国家教育制度的活动。

    宗教团体和宗教事务不受外国势力的支配。

    第三十七条 中华人民共和国公民的人身自由不受侵犯。

    任何公民,非经人民检察院批准或者决定或者人民法院决定,并由公安机关执行,不受逮捕。

    禁止非法拘禁和以其他方法非法剥夺或者限制公民的人身自由,禁止非法搜查公民的身体。

    第三十八条 中华人民共和国公民的人格尊严不受侵犯。禁止用任何方法对公民进行侮辱、诽谤和诬告陷害。

    第三十九条 中华人民共和国公民的住宅不受侵犯。禁止非法搜查或者非法侵入公民的住宅。

    第四十条 中华人民共和国公民的通信自由和通信秘密受法律的保护。除因国家安全或者追查刑事犯罪的需要,由公安机关或者检察机关依照法律规定的程序对通信进行检查外,任何组织或者个人不得以任何理由侵犯公民的通信自由和通信秘密。

    第四十一条 中华人民共和国公民对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员,有提出批评和建议的权利;对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员的违法失职行为,有向有关国家机关提出申诉、控告或者检举的权利,但是不得捏造或者歪曲事实进行诬告陷害。

    对于公民的申诉、控告或者检举,有关国家机关必须查清事实,负责处理。任何人不得压制和打击报复。

    由于国家机关和国家工作人员侵犯公民权利而受到损失的人,有依照法律规定取得赔偿的权利。

    第四十二条 中华人民共和国公民有劳动的权利和义务。

    国家通过各种途径,创造劳动就业条件,加强劳动保护,改善劳动条件,并在发展生产的基础上,提高劳动报酬和福利待遇。

    劳动是一切有劳动能力的公民的光荣职责。国营企业和城乡集体经济组织的劳动者都应当以国家主人翁的态度对待自己的劳动。国家提倡社会主义劳动竞赛,奖励劳动模范和先进工作者。国家提倡公民从事义务劳动。

    国家对就业前的公民进行必要的劳动就业训练。

    第四十三条 中华人民共和国劳动者有休息的权利。

    国家发展劳动者休息和休养的设施,规定职工的工作时间和休假制度。

    第四十四条 国家依照法律规定实行企业事业组织的职工和国家机关工作人员的退休制度。退休人员的生活受到国家和社会的保障。

    第四十五条 中华人民共和国公民在年老、疾病或者丧失劳动能力的情况下,有从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利。国家发展为公民享受这些权利所需要的社会保险、社会救济和医疗卫生事业。

    国家和社会保障残废军人的生活,抚恤烈士家属,优待军人家属。

    国家和社会帮助安排盲、聋、哑和其他有残疾的公民的劳动、生活和教育。

    第四十六条 中华人民共和国公民有受教育的权利和义务。

    国家培养青年、少年、儿童在品德、智力、体质等方面全面发展。

    第四十七条 中华人民共和国公民有进行科学研究、文学艺术创作和其他文化活动的自由。国家对于从事教育、科学、技术、文学、艺术和其他文化事业的公民的有益于人民的创造性工作,给以鼓励和帮助。

    第四十八条 中华人民共和国妇女在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的权利。

    国家保护妇女的权利和利益,实行男女同工同酬,培养和选拔妇女干部。

    第四十九条 婚姻、家庭、母亲和儿童受国家的保护。

    夫妻双方有实行计划生育的义务。

    父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务,成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。

    禁止破坏婚姻自由,禁止虐待老人、妇女和儿童。

    第五十条 中华人民共和国保护华侨的正当的权利和利益,保护归侨和侨眷的合法的权利和利益。

    第五十一条 中华人民共和国公民在行使自由和权利的时候,不得损害国家的、社会的、集体的利益和其他公民的合法的自由和权利。

    第五十二条中华人民共和国公民有维护国家统一和全国各民族团结的义务。

    第五十三条 中华人民共和国公民必须遵守宪法和法律,保守国家秘密,爱护公共财产,遵守劳动纪律,遵守公共秩序,尊重社会公德。

    第五十四条 中华人民共和国公民有维护祖国的安全、荣誉和利益的义务,不得有危害祖国的安全、荣誉和利益的行为。

    第五十五条 保卫祖国、抵抗侵略是中华人民共和国每一个公民的神圣职责。

    依照法律服兵役和参加民兵组织是中华人民共和国公民的光荣义务。

    第五十六条 中华人民共和国公民有依照法律纳税的义务。

第三章  国家机构

第一节  全国人民代表大会

    第五十七条 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关。它的常设机关是全国人民代表大会常务委员会。

    第五十八条 全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使国家立法权。

    第五十九条 全国人民代表大会由省、自治区、直辖市和军队选出的代表组成。各少数民族都应当有适当名额的代表。

    全国人民代表大会代表的选举由全国人民代表大会常务委员会主持。

    全国人民代表大会代表名额和代表产生办法由法律规定。

    第六十条 全国人民代表大会每届任期五年。

    全国人民代表大会任期届满的两个月以前,全国人民代表大会常务委员会必须完成下届全国人民代表大会代表的选举。如果遇到不能进行选举的非常情况,由全国人民代表大会常务委员会以全体组成人员的三分之二以上的多数通过,可以推迟选举,延长本届全国人民代表大会的任期。在非常情况结束后一年内,必须完成下届全国人民代表大会代表的选举。

    第六十一条 全国人民代表大会会议每年举行一次,由全国人民代表大会常务委员会召集。如果全国人民代表大会常务委员会认为必要,或者有五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议,可以临时召集全国人民代表大会会议。

    全国人民代表大会举行会议的时候,选举主席团主持会议。

    第六十二条 全国人民代表大会行使下列职权:

    (一)修改宪法

    (二)监督宪法的实施;

    (三)制定和修改刑事、民事、国家机构的和其他的基本法律;

    (四)选举中华人民共和国主席、副主席;

    (五)根据中华人民共和国主席的提名,决定国务院总理的人选;根据国务院总理的提名,决定国务院副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选;

    (六)选举中央军事委员会主席;根据中央军事委员会主席的提名,决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选;

    (七)选举最高人民法院院长;

    (八)选举最高人民检察院检察长;

    (九)审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划和计划执行情况的报告;

    (十)审查和批准国家的预算和预算执行情况的报告;

    (十一)改变或者撤销全国人民代表大会常务委员会不适当的决定;

    (十二)批准省、自治区和直辖市的建置;

    (十三)决定特别行政区的设立及其制度;

    (十四)决定战争和和平的问题;

    (十五)应当由最高国家权力机关行使的其他职权。

    第六十三条 全国人民代表大会有权罢免下列人员:

    (一)中华人民共和国主席、副主席;

    (二)国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长;

    (三)中央军事委员会主席和中央军事委员会其他组成人员;

    (四)最高人民法院院长;

    (五)最高人民检察院检察长。

    第六十四条 宪法的修改,由全国人民代表大会常务委员会或者五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议,并由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的三分之二以上的多数通过。

    法律和其他议案由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的过半数通过。

    第六十五条 全国人民代表大会常务委员会由下列人员组成:

    委员长,

    副委员长若干人,

    秘书长,

    委员若干人。

    全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员中,应当有适当名额的少数民族代表。

    全国人民代表大会选举并有权罢免全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员。

    全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员不得担任国家行政机关、审判机关和检察机关的职务。

    第六十六条 全国人民代表大会常务委员会每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同,它行使职权到下届全国人民代表大会选出新的常务委员会为止。

    委员长、副委员长连续任职不得超过两届。

    第六十七条 全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使下列职权:

    (一)解释宪法,监督宪法的实施;

    (二)制定和修改除应当由全国人民代表大会制定的法律以外的其他法律;

    (三)在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,对全国人民代表大会制定的法律进行部分补充和修改,但是不得同该法律的基本原则相抵触;

    (四)解释法律;

    (五)在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划、国家预算在执行过程中所必须作的部分调整方案;

    (六)监督国务院、中央军事委员会、最高人民法院和最高人民检察院的工作;

    (七)撤销国务院制定的同宪法、法律相抵触的行政法规、决定和命令;

    (八)撤销省、自治区、直辖市国家权力机关制定的同宪法、法律和行政法规相抵触的地方性法规和决议;

    (九)在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,根据国务院总理的提名,决定部长、委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选;

    (十)在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,根据中央军事委员会主席的提名,决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选;

    (十一)根据最高人民法院院长的提请,任免最高人民法院副院长、审判员、审判委员会委员和军事法院院长;

    (十二)根据最高人民检察院检察长的提请,任免最高人民检察院副检察长、检察员、检察委员会委员和军事检察院检察长,并且批准省、自治区、直辖市的人民检察院检察长的任免;

    (十三)决定驻外全权代表的任免;

    (十四)决定同外国缔结的条约和重要协定的批准和废除;

    (十五)规定军人和外交人员的衔级制度和其他专门衔级制度;

    (十六)规定和决定授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号;

    (十七)决定特赦;

    (十八)在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,如果遇到国家遭受武装侵犯或者必须履行国际间共同防止侵略的条约的情况,决定战争状态的宣布;

    (十九)决定全国总动员或者局部动员;

    (二十)决定全国或者个别省、自治区、直辖市的戒严;

    (二十一)全国人民代表大会授予的其他职权。

    第六十八条 全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长主持全国人民代表大会常务委员会的工作,召集全国人民代表大会常务委员会会议。副委员长、秘书长协助委员长工作。

    委员长、副委员长、秘书长组成委员长会议,处理全国人民代表大会常务委员会的重要日常工作。

    第六十九条 全国人民代表大会常务委员会对全国人民代表大会负责并报告工作。

    第七十条 全国人民代表大会设立民族委员会、法律委员会、财政经济委员会、教育科学文化卫生委员会、外事委员会、华侨委员会和其他需要设立的专门委员会。在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,各专门委员会受全国人民代表大会常务委员会的领导。

    各专门委员会在全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会领导下,研究、审议和拟订有关议案。

    第七十一条 全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会认为必要的时候,可以组织关于特定问题的调查委员会,并且根据调查委员会的报告,作出相应的决议。   

    调查委员会进行调查的时候,一切有关的国家机关、社会团体和公民都有义务向它提供必要的材料。

    第七十二条 全国人民代表大会代表和全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员,有权依照法律规定的程序分别提出属于全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会职权范围内的议案。

    第七十三条 全国人民代表大会代表在全国人民代表大会开会期间,全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员在常务委员会开会期间,有权依照法律规定的程序提出对国务院或者国务院各部、各委员会的质询案。受质询的机关必须负责答复。

    第七十四条 全国人民代表大会代表,非经全国人民代表大会会议主席团许可,在全国人民代表大会闭会期间非经全国人民代表大会常务委员会许可,不受逮捕或者刑事审判。

    第七十五条 全国人民代表大会代表在全国人民代表大会各种会议上的发言和表决,不受法律追究。

    第七十六条 全国人民代表大会代表必须模范地遵守宪法和法律,保守国家秘密,并且在自己参加的生产、工作和社会活动中,协助宪法和法律的实施。

    全国人民代表大会代表应当同原选举单位和人民保持密切的联系,听取和反映人民的意见和要求,努力为人民服务。

    第七十七条 全国人民代表大会代表受原选举单位的监督。原选举单位有权依照法律规定的程序罢免本单位选出的代表。

    第七十八条 全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组织和工作程序由法律规定。

第二节  中华人民共和国主席

    第七十九条 中华人民共和国主席、副主席由全国人民代表大会选举。

    有选举权和被选举权的年满四十五周岁的中华人民共和国公民可以被选为中华人民共和国主席、副主席。

    中华人民共和国主席、副主席每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同,连续任职不得超过两届。

    第八十条 中华人民共和国主席根据全国人民代表大会的决定和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定,公布法律,任免国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长,授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号,发布特赦令,发布戒严令,宣布战争状态,发布动员令。

    第八十一条 中华人民共和国主席代表中华人民共和国,接受外国使节;根据全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定,派遣和召回驻外全权代表,批准和废除同外国缔结的条约和重要协定。

    第八十二条 中华人民共和国副主席协助主席工作。

    中华人民共和国副主席受主席的委托,可以代行主席的部分职权。

    第八十三条 中华人民共和国主席、副主席行使职权到下届全国人民代表大会选出的主席、副主席就职为止。

    第八十四条 中华人民共和国主席缺位的时候,由副主席继任主席的职位。

    中华人民共和国副主席缺位的时候,由全国人民代表大会补选。

    中华人民共和国主席、副主席都缺位的时候,由全国人民代表大会补选;在补选以前,由全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长暂时代理主席职位。

第三节  国务院

    第八十五条 中华人民共和国国务院,即中央人民政府,是最高国家权力机关的执行机关,是最高国家行政机关。

    第八十六条 国务院由下列人员组成:

    总理,

    副总理若干人,

    国务委员若干人,

    各部部长,

    各委员会主任,

    审计长,

    秘书长,

    国务院实行总理负责制。各部、各委员会实行部长、主任负责制。

    国务院的组织由法律规定。

    第八十七条 国务院每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同。

    总理、副总理、国务委员连续任职不得超过两届。

    第八十八条 总理领导国务院的工作。副总理、国务委员协助总理工作。

    总理、副总理、国务委员、秘书长组成国务院常务会议。

    总理召集和主持国务院常务会议和国务院全体会议。

    第八十九条 国务院行使下列职权:

    (一)根据宪法和法律,规定行政措施,制定行政法规,发布决定和命令;

    (二)向全国人民代表大会或者全国人民代表大会常务委员会提出议案;

    (三)规定各部和各委员会的任务和职责,统一领导各部和各委员会的工作,并且领导不属于各部和各委员会的全国性的行政工作;

    (四)统一领导全国地方各级国家行政机关的工作,规定中央和省、自治区、直辖市的国家行政机关的职权的具体划分;

    (五)编制和执行国民经济和社会发展计划和国家预算;

    (六)领导和管理经济工作和城乡建设;

    (七)领导和管理教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育和计划生育工作;

    (八)领导和管理民政、公安、司法行政和监察等工作;

    (九)管理对外事务,同外国缔结条约和协定;

    (十)领导和管理国防建设事业;

    (十一)领导和管理民族事务,保障少数民族的平等权利和民族自治地方的自治权利;

    (十二)保护华侨的正当的权利和利益,保护归侨和侨眷的合法的权利和利益;

    (十三)改变或者撤销各部、各委员会发布的不适当的命令、指示和规章;

    (十四)改变或者撤销地方各级国家行政机关的不适当的决定和命令;

    (十五)批准省、自治区、直辖市的区域划分,批准自治州、县、自治县、市的建置和区域划分;

    (十六)决定省、自治区、直辖市的范围内部分地区的戒严;

    (十七)审定行政机构的编制,依照法律规定任免、培训、考核和奖惩行政人员;

    (十八)全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会授予的其他职权。

    第九十条 国务院各部部长、各委员会主任负责本部门的工作;召集和主持部务会议或者委员会会议、委务会议,讨论决定本部门工作的重大问题。

    各部、各委员会根据法律和国务院的行政法规、决定、命令,在本部门的权限内,发布命令、指示和规章。

    第九十一条 国务院设立审计机关,对国务院各部门和地方各级政府的财政收支,对国家的财政金融机构和企业事业组织的财务收支,进行审计监督。

    审计机关在国务院总理领导下,依照法律规定独立行使审计监督权,不受其他行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。

    第九十二条 国务院对全国人民代表大会负责并报告工作;在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,对全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责并报告工作。

第四节  中央军事委员会

    第九十三条 中华人民共和国中央军事委员会领导全国武装力量。

   中央军事委员会由下列人员组成:

    主席,

    副主席若干人,

    委员若干人,

    中央军事委员会实行主席负责制。

    中央军事委员会每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同。

    第九十四条 中央军事委员会主席对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。

第五节  地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府

    第九十五条 省、直辖市、县、市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇设立人民代表大会和人民政府#.

    地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府的组织由法律规定。

   自治区、自治州、自治县设立自治机关。自治机关的组织和工作根据宪法第三章第五节、第六节规定的基本原则由法律规定。

    第九十六条 地方各级人民代表大会是地方国家权力机关。

    县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会设立常务委员会。

    第九十七条 省、直辖市、设区的市的人民代表大会代表由下一级的人民代表大会选举;县、不设区的市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇的人民代表大会代表由选民直接选举。

    地方各级人民代表大会代表名额和代表产生办法由法律规定。

    第九十八条 省、直辖市、设区的市的人民代表大会每届任期五年。县、不设区的市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇的人民代表大会每届任期三年。

    第九十九条 地方各级人民代表大会在本行政区域内,保证宪法、法律、行政法规的遵守和执行;依照法律规定的权限,通过和发布决议,审查和决定地方的经济建设、文化建设和公共事业建设的计划。

    县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会审查和批准本行政区域内的国民经济和社会发展计划、预算以及它们的执行情况的报告;有权改变或者撤销本级人民代表大会常务委员会不适当的决定。

    民族乡的人民代表大会可以依照法律规定的权限采取适合民族特点的具体措施。

    第一百条 省、直辖市的人民代表大会和它们的常务委员会,在不同宪法、法律、行政法规相抵触的前提下,可以制定地方性法规,报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。

    第一百零一条 地方各级人民代表大会分别选举并且有权罢免本级人民政府的省长和副省长、市长和副市长、县长和副县长、区长和副区长、乡长和副乡长、镇长和副镇长。

    县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会选举并且有权罢免本级人民法院院长和本级人民检察院检察长。选出或者罢免人民检察院检察长,须报上级人民检察院检察长提请该级人民代表大会常务委员会批准。

    第一百零二条 省、直辖市、设区的市的人民代表大会代表受原选举单位的监督;县、不设区的市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇的人民代表大会代表受选民的监督。

    地方各级人民代表大会代表的选举单位和选民有权依照法律规定的程序罢免由他们选出的代表。

    第一百零三条 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会由主任、副主任若干人和委员若干人组成,对本级人民代表大会负责并报告工作。

    县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会选举并有权罢免本级人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员。

    县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员不得担任国家行政机关、审判机关和检察机关的职务。

    第一百零四条 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会讨论、决定本行政区域内各方面工作的重大事项;监督本级人民政府、人民法院和人民检察院的工作;撤销本级人民政府的不适当的决定和命令;撤销下一级人民代表大会的不适当的决议;依照法律规定的权限决定国家机关工作人员的任免;在本级人民代表大会闭会期间,罢免和补选上一级人民代表大会的个别代表。

    第一百零五条 地方各级人民政府是地方各级国家权力机关的执行机关,是地方各级国家行政机关。

    地方各级人民政府实行省长、市长、县长、区长、乡长、镇长负责制。

    第一百零六条 地方各级人民政府每届任期同本级人民代表大会每届任期相同。

    第一百零七条 县级以上地方各级人民政府依照法律规定的权限,管理本行政区域内的经济、教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育事业、城乡建设事业和财政、民政、公安、民族事务、司法行政、监察、计划生育等行政工作,发布决定和命令,任免、培训、考核和奖惩行政工作人员。

    乡、民族乡、镇的人民政府执行本级人民代表大会的决议和上级国家行政机关的决定和命令,管理本行政区域内的行政工作。

    省、直辖市的人民政府决定乡、民族乡、镇的建置和区域划分。

    第一百零八条 县级以上的地方各级人民政府领导所属各工作部门和下级人民政府的工作,有权改变或者撤销所属各工作部门和下级人民政府的不适当的决定。

    第一百零九条 县级以上的地方各级人民政府设立审计机关。地方各级审计机关依照法律规定独立行使审计监督权,对本级人民政府和上一级审计机关负责。

    第一百一十条 地方各级人民政府对本级人民代表大会负责并报告工作。县级以上的地方各级人民政府在本级人民代表大会闭会期间,对本级人民代表大会常务委员会负责并报告工作。

    地方各级人民政府对上一级国家行政机关负责并报告工作。全国地方各级人民政府都是国务院统一领导下的国家行政机关,都服从国务院。

    第一百一十一条 城市和农村按居民居住地区设立的居民委员会或者村民委员会是基层群众性自治组织。居民委员会、村民委员会的主任、副主任和委员由居民选举。居民委员会、村民委员会同基层政权的相互关系由法律规定。

    居民委员会、村民委员会设人民调解、治安保卫、公共卫生等委员会,办理本居住地区的公共事务和公益事业,调解民间纠纷,协助维护社会治安,并且向人民政府反映群众的意见、要求和提出建议。

第六节  民族自治地方的自治机关

    第一百一十二条 民族自治地方的自治机关是自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会和人民政府。

    第一百一十三条 自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会中,除实行区域自治的民族的代表外,其他居住在本行政区域内的民族也应当有适当名额的代表。

    自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会常务委员会中应当有实行区域自治的民族的公民担任主任或者副主任。

    第一百一十四条 自治区主席、自治州州长、自治县县长由实行区域自治的民族的公民担任。

    第一百一十五条 自治区、自治州、自治县的自治机关行使宪法第三章第五节规定的地方国家机关的职权,同时依照宪法、民族区域自治法和其他法律规定的权限行使自治权,根据本地方实际情况贯彻执行国家的法律、政策。

    第一百一十六条 民族自治地方的人民代表大会有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点,制定自治条例和单行条例。自治区的自治条例和单行条例,报全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准后生效。自治州、自治县的自治条例和单行条例,报省或者自治区的人民代表大会常务委员会批准后生效,并报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。

    第一百一十七条 民族自治地方的自治机关有管理地方财政的自治权。凡是依照国家财政体制属于民族自治地方的财政收入,都应当由民族自治地方的自治机关自主地安排使用。

    第一百一十八条 民族自治地方的自治机关在国家计划的指导下,自主地安排和管理地方性的经济建设事业。

    国家在民族自治地方开发资源、建设企业的时候,应当照顾民族自治地方的利益。

    第一百一十九条 民族自治地方的自治机关自主地管理本地方的教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育事业,保护和整理民族的文化遗产,发展和繁荣民族文化。

    第一百二十条 民族自治地方的自治机关依照国家的军事制度和当地的实际需要,经国务院批准,可以组织本地方维护社会治安的公安部队。

    第一百二十一条 民族自治地方的自治机关在执行职务的时候,依照本民族自治地方自治条例的规定,使用当地通用的一种或者几种语言文字。

    第一百二十二条 国家从财政、物资、技术等方面帮助各少数民族加速发展经济建设和文化建设事业。

    国家帮助民族自治地方从当地民族中大量培养各级干部、各种专业人才和技术工人。

第七节  人民法院和人民检察院

    第一百二十三条 中华人民共和国人民法院是国家的审判机关。

    第一百二十四条 中华人民共和国设立最高人民法院、地方各级人民法院和军事法院等专门人民法院。

    最高人民法院院长每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同,连续任职不得超过两届。

    人民法院的组织由法律规定。

    第一百二十五条 人民法院审理案件,除法律规定的特别情况外,一律公开进行。被告人有权获得辩护。

    第一百二十六条 人民法院依照法律规定独立行使审判权,不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。

    第一百二十七条 最高人民法院是最高审判机关。

    最高人民法院监督地方各级人民法院和专门人民法院的审判工作,上级人民法院监督下级人民法院的审判工作。

    第一百二十八条 最高人民法院对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。地方各级人民法院对产生它的国家权力机关负责。

    第一百二十九条 中华人民共和国人民检察院是国家的法律监督机关。

    第一百三十条 中华人民共和国设立最高人民检察院、地方各级人民检察院和军事检察院等专门人民检察院。

    最高人民检察院检察长每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同,连续任职不得超过两届。

    人民检察院的组织由法律规定。

    第一百三十一条 人民检察院依照法律规定独立行使检察权,不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。

    第一百三十二条 最高人民检察院是最高检察机关。

    最高人民检察院领导地方各级人民检察院和专门人民检察院的工作,上级人民检察院领导下级人民检察院的工作。

    第一百三十三条 最高人民检察院对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。地方各级人民检察院对产生它的国家权力机关和上级人民检察院负责。

    第一百三十四条 各民族公民都有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。人民法院和人民检察院对于不通晓当地通用的语言文字的诉讼参与人,应当为他们翻译。

    在少数民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地区,应当用当地通用的语言进行审理;起诉书、判决书、布告和其他文书应当根据实际需要使用当地通用的一种或者几种文字。

    第一百三十五条 人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关办理刑事案件,应当分工负责,互相配合,互相制约,以保证准确有效地执行法律。

第四章  国旗、国徽、首都

    第一百三十六条 中华人民共和国国旗是五星红旗。

    第一百三十七条 中华人民共和国国徽,中间是五星照耀下的天安门,周围是谷穗和齿轮。

    第一百三十八条 中华人民共和国首都是北京。

CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA  

    Important Notice: (注意事项)

    英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(19917月版).

    当发生歧意时,应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.

This  English  document is  coming  from  "LAWS AND  REGULATIONS  OFTHE

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF  CHINA  GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED  MATTERS"(1991.7)

which  is  compiled by  the  Brueau  of Legislative Affairs of theState

Council of  the  People's Republic of China, and is published by theChina

Legal System PublishingHouse.

In case of discrepancy, theoriginal version in Chinese shall prevail.

    Whole Document (法规全文)

CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at theFifth  Session of  the  Fifth  National People's

Congress and promulgated forimplementation by  the Proclamation  of  the

National People's Congress onDecember 4, 1982)

    Contents

Preamble

Chapter I     General Principle

Chapter II    The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens

Chapter III   TheStructure of the State

              Section 1 The National People'sCongress

              Section 2 The President of thePeople's Republic of China

              Section 3 The StateCouncil

              Section 4 The Central MilitaryCommission

              Section 5 The Local People'sCongresses and Local People's

              Governments at VariousLevels

              Section 6 The Organs ofSelf-Government of National

              Autonomous Areas Section 7 ThePeople's Courts and the

              People's Procuratorates

Chapter IV    The National Flag , the National Emblem and the Capital

    Preamble

China is a country with one ofthe longest histories  in the  world.  Thepeople of all of China's nationalities havejointly created a  culture ofgrandeur and have a glorious revolutionarytradition.After 1840, feudal China was graduallyturned  into a  semi-colonial  andsemi-feudal country. The  Chinese  people waged  many successive  heroicstruggles for national independence andliberation and for  democracy andfreedom.Great and earthshaking historical changes havetaken place in China in the20th century.  The Revolution of 1911, ledby Dr. Sun  Yat-sen, abolishedthe feudal monarchy and gave birthto  the  Republic of  China.  But  thehistoric mission of  the  Chinese people  to  overthrow  imperialism  andfeudalism remained unaccomplished.After waging protracted and arduous struggles,armed and otherwise,  alonga zigzag course, the Chinese  people  of all  nationalities  led  by theCommunist  Party  of  China with  Chairman  Mao  Zedong as  its   leaderultimately, in 1949, overthrew the  rule  of imperialism,  feudalism  andbureaucrat-capitalism,  won  a great  victory   in   the  New-DemocraticRevolution and founded the People'sRepublic  of China.  Since  then  theChinese people have taken control of state powerand become masters of thecountry. After the founding of  the  People's Republic,  China  graduallyachieved its transition from a New-Democratic toa socialist society.  Thesocialist  transformation  of  the private  ownership  of  the means  ofproduction has been completed, the system ofexploitation of  man by  manabolished and the socialist systemestablished.  The people's  democraticdictatorship led by the working class and basedon the alliance of workersand peasants, which is in essence thedictatorship of the proletariat, hasbeen consolidated and  developed.  The Chinese people  and the  ChinesePeople's  Liberation  Army  have defeated  imperialist   and   hegemonistaggression, sabotage and armed provocations andhave  thereby  safeguardedChina's national independence and security andstrengthened  its nationaldefence. Major successes have been achievedin  economic  development.  Anindependent and relatively comprehensivesocialist system of industry hasbasically  been  established.  There has  been  a  marked   increase   inagricultural  production.  Significant  advances   have   been   made  ineducational, scientific and  cultural  undertakings,  while  education  insocialist ideology has produced noteworthyresults. The life of the peoplehas improved considerably.

Both the victory in China'sNew-Democratic Revolution and the successes inits socialist cause have been  achieved  by the  Chinese  people  of allnationalities, under the leadership of theCommunist Party  of China  andthe guidance of Marxism-Leninism and  Mao  Zedong Thought,  by  upholdingtruth,  correcting  errors  and surmounting  numerous  difficulties  andhardships. The basic task of the  nation  in the  years  to  come is  toconcentrate its effort on socialistmodernization. Under the leadership ofthe Communist Party of China and the guidance ofMarxism-Leninism and  MaoZedong Thought, the Chinese people of allnationalities will  continue toadhere to the people's democraticdictatorship  and the  socialist  road,steadily improve  socialist  institutions,  develop socialist  democracy,improve the socialist legal system, and workhard  and  self-reliantly  tomodernize  the  country's  industry, agriculture,  national  defence andscience and technology step by step to turnChina into a socialist countrywith a high level of culture anddemocracy.The exploiting classes as such have beenabolished in our country.However, class struggle will continue to existwithin certain bounds for along time to come. The Chinese people must fightagainst those forces  andelements, both at home and abroad, that arehostile to  China's socialistsystem and try to undermine it.  Taiwan ispart of the sacred territory ofthe People's Republic of China. It is theinviolable duty of  all Chinesepeople, including our compatriots in Taiwan, toaccomplish the great  taskof reunifying the motherland.

In building socialism it isessential to rely  on workers,  peasants  andintellectuals and to unite all forces thatcan  be  united. In  the  longyears of revolution and construction,there  has been  formed  under  theleadership of the Communist Party of China abroad patriotic united  frontwhich is composed of the democratic parties andpeople's organizations andwhich embraces all socialist working  people,  all patriots  who  supportsocialism and  all  patriots  who stand  for  the  reunification  of  themotherland. This  united  front  will continue  to  be  consolidated  anddeveloped. The  Chinese  People's  Political Consultative  Conference,  abroadly based representative organization of theunited  front which  hasplayed a significant historical role, willplay  a  still more  importantrole in the country's political and social life,in  promoting  friendshipwith other countries and in the struggle forsocialist  modernization  andfor the reunification and unity of thecountry.The People's Republic of China is aunitary  multinational  state  createdjointly by the people of all its  nationalities.  Socialist relations  ofequality, unity and mutualassistance  have been  established  among  thenationalities and will continue to bestrengthened.  In the  struggle  tosafeguard the unity of the nationalities, it isnecessary to  combat big-nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism,and  to  combat local  nationalchauvinism. The state will do its utmost topromote the common  prosperityof all  the  nationalities.  China's achievements  in   revolution   andconstruction are inseparable from the support ofthe people of the world.The future of China is closely linked to thefuture of  the world.  Chinaconsistently carries out an independent foreignpolicy and adheres to  thefive principles  of  mutual  respect for  sovereignty  and   territorialintegrity,  mutual  non-aggression,  non-interference  in   each   other'sinternal affairs, equality and mutual benefit,and peaceful coexistence indeveloping diplomatic relations and economic andcultural  exchanges withother countries. China consistentlyopposes  imperialism,  hegemonism  andcolonialism, works to strengthen unity with thepeople of other countries,supports the oppressed nations and thedeveloping countries in their juststruggle to win and  preserve  national independence  and  develop theirnational economies, and strives to safeguardworld peace and  promote thecause of human progress.This Constitution,  in  legal form,  affirms  the  achievements  of  thestruggles of the Chinese people of allnationalities and defines the basicsystem and basic tasks of the state; itis  the  fundamental  law  of  thestate and has supreme legal authority. Thepeople  of all  nationalities,all state organs, the armed  forces,  all political  parties  and  publicorganizations and all enterprises andinstitutions  in the  country  musttake the Constitution as the basic standard ofconduct, and they have  theduty to  uphold  the  dignity of  the  Constitution  and   ensure   itsimplementation.

    Chapter I General Principles

Article 1

The People's Republic of Chinais a socialist  state under  the people'sdemocratic dictatorship led by the working classand based on the allianceof workers and peasants.  Thesocialist system is the basic system of  thePeople's Republic of China. Disruptionof  the  socialist system  by  anyorganization or individual isprohibited.

Article 2

All power in the People'sRepublic of China belongs to the people.The National People's  Congress  and the  local  people's  congresses atvarious levels are the organsthrough  which the  people  exercise  statepower.The people administer state affairs  and  manage economic,  cultural  andsocial affairs through various channels and invarious ways in  accordancewith the law.

Article 3

The state organs of the People'sRepublic of China apply the principle ofdemocratic centralism.The National People's  Congress  and the  local  people's  congresses atvarious levels are constituted  through  democratic elections.  They  areresponsible to the people and subject to theirsupervision.All administrative, judicial and procuratorialorgans  of the  state  arecreated by the people's congresses to which theyare  responsible  and bywhich they are supervised.  Thedivision of functions and powers  betweenthe central and local state organs is guided bythe  principle  of givingfull scope to the initiative and enthusiasm ofthe local authorities underthe unified leadership of the centralauthorities.

Article 4

All nationalities in thePeople's Republic of China are equal.  The  stateprotects the lawful rights and interests of theminority nationalities andupholds  and  develops  a relationship  of  equality, unity  and  mutualassistance among all of China's nationalities.Discrimination against  andoppression of any nationality are prohibited;any act which undermines theunity of the nationalities or instigatesdivision is prohibited.The state  assists  areas  inhabited   by   minority   nationalities   inaccelerating their economic and  cultural  development  according  to  thecharacteristics and needs of the variousminority nationalities.Regional  autonomy  is  practised in  areas  where  people of   minoritynationalities live in concentrated communities;in these areas  organs ofself-government are established to exercisethe  power  of autonomy.  Allnational autonomous areas are integral parts ofthe People's  Republic ofChina.All nationalities have the freedom to use anddevelop their own spoken andwritten languages and  to  preserve or  reform  their  own folkways  andcustoms.

Article 5

The state upholdsthe  uniformity  and dignity  of  the  socialist legalsystem.No laws or administrative or local rulesand  regulations  may contravenethe Constitution. All  state  organs, the  armed  forces,  all politicalparties and public organizations and allenterprises and institutions mustabide by the Constitution and the  law.  All acts  in  violation  of theConstitution or the law must beinvestigated.No organization or individual is privileged tobe beyond the  Constitutionor the law.

Article 6

The basis of the socialisteconomic system of  the People's  Republic  ofChina is socialist public ownership of themeans  of production,  namely,ownership by the whole people and  collective  ownership by  the  workingpeople.The system  of  socialist  public ownership  supersedes  the  system ofexploitation of man by  man;  it applies  the  principle  of "from  eachaccording  to   his   ability,   to   each   according   to   his   work."

Article 7

The state economy is the sectorof socialist economy  under ownership  bythe whole people; it is the leading forcein  the  national economy.  Thestate ensures the consolidation and growth ofthe state economy.

Article 8

Rural people's communes,agricultural  producers cooperatives  and otherforms of cooperatives economy, such asproducers', supply  and marketing,credit and consumers cooperatives,  belong  to the  sector  of  socialisteconomy under collective ownership by theworking people.  Working peoplewho are members of rural economic collectivehave the  right, within  thelimits prescribed by law,  to  farm plots  of  cropland  and hilly  landallotted for their private use, engagein  household  sideline productionand raise privately owned livestock.The various forms of cooperative economy in thecities and towns, such  asthose in the handicraft, industrial, building,transport,  commercial andservice trades, all belong  to  the sector  of  socialist  economy undercollective ownership by the workingpeople.  The state protects the lawfulrights and interests of  the  urban and  rural  economic  collective andencourages, guides and helps the growth of thecollective economy.

Article 9

All mineral resources, waters,forests, mountains, grassland, unreclaimedland, beaches and other natural resources areowned by the state, that is,by the whole  people,  with  the exception  of  the  forests, mountains,grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches thatare owned by  collective inaccordance with the law.The state ensures the rational use of naturalresources and protects  rareanimals and plants. Appropriation or damaging ofnatural resources by  anyorganization or individual by whatever means isprohibited.

Article 10

Land in the cities is owned bythe state.Land in the rural and suburban areas is ownedby  collectives  except forthose portions which belong to the state inaccordance with the law; housesites and privately farmed plots of cropland andhilly land are also ownedby collectives.The state may, in the public interest,requisition land  for its  use  inaccordance with the law.No organization or individual may appropriate,buy, sell or lease land orotherwise engage in the transfer of land byunlawful means.All organizations and individuals using landmust ensure its rational use.

Article 11

The individual economy of urbanand rural working people, operating withinthe limits prescribed by law, is a  complement  to the  socialist  publiceconomy. The state  protects  the  lawful rights  and  interests  of theindividual economy.The state  guides,  assists  and supervises  the  individual  economy  byadministrative control.

Article 12

Socialist public property isinviolable.The state protects socialist public property.Appropriation or damaging ofstate or collective property by any organizationor individual by whatevermeans is prohibited.

Article 13

The state protects the right ofcitizens to own  lawfully earned  income,savings, houses and other lawful property.The state protects according to law  the  right of  citizens  to  inheritprivate property.

Article 14

The state  continuously  raises labour  productivity,  improves  economicresults and develops the productive forces byenhancing the enthusiasm ofthe working  people,  raising  the level  of  their   technical   skill,disseminating advanced science and technology,improving  the systems  ofeconomic  administration  and   enterprise   operation   and   management,instituting the socialist system ofresponsibility in  various forms  andimproving the organization of work.The state practises strict economy and combatswaste.The state  properly  apportions  accumulation  and  consumption,  concernsitself with the interests of the collective andthe individual as well  asof the state and, on the basis of expandedproduction, gradually  improvesthe material and cultural life of thepeople.

Article 15

The state practises plannedeconomy  on the  basis  of  socialist publicownership. It ensures theproportionate  and coordinated  growth  of  thenational economy through overall balancing byeconomic  planning and  thesupplementary role of  regulation  by the  market.   Disturbance  of thesocioeconomic order or disruption  of  the state  economic  plan  by anyorganization or individual isprohibited.

Article 16

State enterprises havedecision-making power with regard to operation  andmanagement within the limits prescribed bylaw,  on  condition that  theysubmit to unified leadership by the state andfulfil all their obligationsunder the state plan.  Stateenterprises  practise democratic  managementthrough congresses of workers and staff and inother  ways in  accordancewith the law.

Article 17

Collective economicorganizations have decision-making power in conductingindependent  economic  activities,  on condition  that  they  accept theguidance of the state plan and abide by therelevant laws.Collective  economic  organizations  practise democratic  management   inaccordance with the law. The  entire  body of  their  workers  elects orremoves their managerial personnel and decideson major issues  concerningoperation and management.

Article 18

The People's Republic of Chinapermits foreign enterprises, other foreigneconomic organizations and individual foreignersto invest in China and toenter into various forms of economic cooperationwith Chinese  enterprisesand other Chinese economic organizations inaccordance with the law of thePeople's Republic  of  China.   All foreign  enterprises,  other  foreigneconomic organizations as well asChinese-foreign  joint ventures  withinChinese territory shall abide by the  law  of the  People's  Republic  ofChina. Their lawful rights and interests areprotected by the law  of thePeople's Republic of China.

Article 19

The state undertakes thedevelopment of socialist education and  works  toraise the scientific and cultural level of thewhole nation.The state  establishes  and  administers  schools   of   various   types,universalizes  compulsory  primary  education and   promotes   secondary,vocational and higher education as well aspreschool education.The state develops educational facilities inorder to eliminate illiteracyand provide political, scientific, technical andprofessional education aswell as general education for workers, peasants,state  functionaries  andother working people. It encourages  people  to become  educated  throughindependent study.The state  encourages  the  collective economic   organizations,  stateenterprises and institutions and othersectors  of society  to  establisheducational institutions of various types inaccordance with the law.The state promotes the nationwide use ofPutonghua (common speech based onBeijing pronunciation).

Article 20

The state promotes thedevelopment of the  natural and  social  sciences,disseminates knowledge of science andtechnology, and commends and rewardsachievements in scientific research as wellas  technological  innovationsand inventions.

Article 21

The state develops medical andhealth services, promotes modern  medicineand traditional Chinese medicine, encourages andsupports the  setting upof various  medical  and  health facilities  by   the   rural   economiccollectives,  state  enterprises  and  institutions   and   neighbourhoodorganizations, and promotes health andsanitation  activities of  a  masscharacter, all for the protection of thepeople's health.The state develops physical culture and promotesmass sports activities toimprove the people's physical fitness.

Article 22

The state promotes thedevelopment of art and literature, the press, radioand television  broadcasting,  publishing  and  distribution   services,libraries, museums, cultural centres and othercultural undertakings  thatserve the people and socialism, and it sponsorsmass cultural activities.The state protects sites  of  scenic and  historical  interest,  valuablecultural monuments and relics  and  other significant  items  of  China'shistorical and cultural heritage.

Article 23

The state trains specializedpersonnel in all fields who serve socialism,expands the ranks of intellectuals andcreates  conditions to  give  fullscope to their role in socialistmodernization.

Article 24

The state strengthens thebuilding of a socialist society with an advancedculture and ideology  by  promoting education  in  high  ideals, ethics,general  knowledge,  discipline  and legality,  and  by   promoting   theformulation and observance of rules  of  conduct and  common  pledges  byvarious sections of the people  in  urban and  rural  areas.   The stateadvocates the civic virtues of love of themotherland, of the  people, oflabour, of science and of  socialism.  It conducts  education  among  thepeople in patriotism and collectivism, ininternationalism  and communismand in dialectical  and  historical  materialism,  to  combat  capitalist,feudal and other decadent ideas.

Article 25

The state promotes familyplanning so that population growth may  fit  theplans for economic and socialdevelopment.

Article 26

The state protects and improvesthe environment in which people live  andthe ecological environment. It prevents andcontrols pollution  and otherpublic hazards.  The state organizes andencourages afforestation and theprotection of forests.

Article 27

All  state  organs carry  out  the  principle of  simple  and  efficientadministration, the system of responsibility forwork and  the system  oftraining  functionaries and appraising  their   performance  in   orderconstantly to improve the  quality  of work  and  efficiency  and combatbureaucratism.All state organs and functionaries must rely onthe support of the people,keep in close touch with them, heed theiropinions and suggestions, accepttheir supervision and do their best to servethem.

Article 28

The state maintains publicorder  and suppresses  treasonable  and  othercounter-revolutionary activities; itpenalizes  criminal activities  thatendanger public security and disruptthe  socialist  economy as  well  asother criminal activities; and it punishes andreforms criminals.

Article 29

The armed forces of the People'sRepublic of China belong to the people.Their tasks are to strengthen national defence,resist aggression,  defendthe motherland, safeguard thepeople's  peaceful labour,  participate  innational reconstruction and do their best toserve the people.The   state   strengthens  the   revolutionization,  modernization   andregularization of the armed forces in order toincrease  national defencecapability.

Article 30

The administrative divisionof  the  People's Republic  of  China  is asfollows:

(1)  The  country is  divided  into  provinces, autonomous  regions  andmunicipalities directly under the CentralGovernment;

(2)  Provinces  and autonomous  regions  are  divided   into   autonomousprefectures, counties, autonomous counties, andcities;

(3)  Counties  and autonomous  counties  are  divided   into   townships,nationality townships, and towns.Municipalities directly under  the  Central Government  and  other  largecities are divided into districts and counties.Autonomous prefectures aredivided into counties, autonomous counties, andcities.All autonomous regions, autonomous prefecturesand autonomous counties arenational autonomous areas.

Article 31

The state may establish specialadministrative regions when necessary. Thesystems to be  instituted  in  special administrative  regions  shall beprescribed by law enacted by the NationalPeople's Congress in  the lightof specific conditions.

Article 32

The People's Republic of Chinaprotects the lawful rights and interests offoreigners within Chinese territory; foreignerson Chinese territory  mustabide by the laws of the People's Republic ofChina.The People's Republic of China may grant asylumto foreigners who  requestit for political reasons.

    Chapter II The Fundamental Rights and Duties ofCitizens

Article 33

All persons holding thenationality of the People's Republic of China  arecitizens of the People's Republic ofChina.All citizens of the People's Republic of Chinaare equal before the law.Every citizen is entitled to the rights and atthe same time must  performthe duties prescribed by the Constitution andthe law.

Article 34

All citizens of the People'sRepublic of China who have reached the age of18 have the right to vote and standfor  election,  regardless of  ethnicstatus,  race,  sex,  occupation,  family  background,  religious belief,education, property status or length ofresidence, except persons deprivedof political rights according to law.

Article 35

Citizens of the People'sRepublic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of thepress, of assembly, of association, ofprocession and of demonstration.

Article 36

Citizens of the People'sRepublic of  China enjoy  freedom  of  religiousbelief.  No state organ,public  organization  or  individual  may compelcitizens to believe in, or not to believe in,any religion; nor  may theydiscriminate against citizens who believe in, ordo not  believe in,  anyreligion.The state protects normal religious activities.No one  may make  use  ofreligion to engage in activities thatdisrupt  public order,  impair  thehealth of citizens or interfere with theeducational system of the state.Religious bodies and religious affairsare  not  subject to  any  foreigndomination.

Article 37

Freedom of the person ofcitizens of the People's Republic  of  China  isinviolable.  No citizen may be arrestedexcept with  the approval  or  bydecision of a people's procuratorate or bydecision of a  people's court,and arrests must be made by a public securityorgan.Unlawful detention or deprivation or restrictionof  citizens  freedom ofthe person by other means is prohibited, andunlawful search of the personof citizens is prohibited.

Article 38

The personal dignity of citizensof the  People's Republic  of  China  isinviolable.   Insult,  libel,  false accusation  or  false  incriminationdirected against citizens by any means isprohibited.

Article 39

The  residences  of citizens  of  the  People's Republic  of  China  areinviolable. Unlawful search of, or intrusioninto, a  citizen's residenceis prohibited.

Article 40

Freedom and privacy ofcorrespondence of citizens of the People's Republicof China are protected by law. No organizationor individual may,  on anyground, infringe upon citizens  freedom  and privacy  of  correspondence,except in cases where, to meet the needs ofstate security or of  criminalinvestigation, public security or procuratorialorgans  are permitted  tocensor correspondence in accordance withprocedures prescribed by law.

Article 41

Citizens of the People'sRepublic of China have the right to criticize andmake suggestions regarding any state organ orfunctionary.  Citizens havethe right to make to relevant state organscomplaints or charges  against,or exposures of, any state organ or functionaryfor violation of  the lawor dereliction of  duty;  but  fabrication  or  distortion  of facts  forpurposes of libel or false incrimination isprohibited.The state organ concerned must deal withcomplaints, charges or  exposuresmade by citizens in a responsible manner afterascertaining the facts. Noone may suppress such  complaints,  charges and  exposures  or  retaliateagainst the citizens making them.  Citizenswho have suffered losses as aresult of infringement of  their  civic rights  by  any  state organ  orfunctionary have the right to compensation inaccordance with the law.

Article 42

Citizens of the People'sRepublic of China have the right as well  as  theduty to work.  Through various channels,the state creates conditions foremployment, enhances occupational  safety  and health,  improves  workingconditions  and,  on  the basis   of   expanded   production,   increasesremuneration for work and welfarebenefits.  Work is a matter  of  honourfor every citizen who is  able  to work.  All  working  people in  stateenterprises and in urban and ruraleconomic  collectives  should  approachtheir work as the masters of the country thatthey are. The state promotessocialist labour emulation, and commends andrewards  model and advancedworkers. The state encourages citizens to takepart in voluntary labour.The state provides necessary vocational trainingfor citizens before  theyare employed.

Article 43

Working people in the People'sRepublic of China have the right to rest.The state expands facilities for the rest andrecuperation of the  workingpeople and prescribes working hours andvacations for workers and staff.

Article 44

The state applies thesystem  of retirement  for  workers  and staff  ofenterprises and institutions and for  functionaries  of organs  of  stateaccording to law. The livelihood of retiredpersonnel is  ensured by  thestate and society.

Article 45

Citizens of the People'sRepublic of China  have the  right  to  materialassistance from the state and society when theyare old, ill or disabled.The state develops social insurance, socialrelief and medical and  healthservices that are required for citizens to enjoythis right.The state and society ensure the livelihoodof  disabled  members of  thearmed forces, provide  pensions  to the families  of martyrs  and  givepreferential treatment to the families ofmilitary personnel.The state and society help make arrangements forthe work, livelihood  andeducation of the blind, deaf-mutes and otherhandicapped citizens.

Article 46

Citizens of the People'sRepublic of China have the duty as well  as  theright to receive education.The state promotes the all-round development ofchildren and young people,morally, intellectually andphysically.

Article 47

Citizens of the People'sRepublic of China have the freedom to  engage  inscientific research, literary andartistic  creation and  other  culturalpursuits. The state encourages and assistscreative endeavors conducive tothe interests  of  the  people that  are  made  by citizens  engaged  ineducation, science, technology, literature, artand other cultural work.

Article 48

Women in the People's Republicof China enjoy equal rights with men in allspheres of life, in political, economic,cultural, social and family life.The state  protects  the  rights and  interests  of  women, applies  theprinciple of equal pay for equal work to men andwomen  alike and  trainsand selects cadres from among women.

Article 49

Marriage, the family and motherand child are protected by the state.Both husband and wife have the duty to practisefamily planning.Parents have the duty to rear and educate theirchildren who  are minors,and children who have come of age havethe  duty  to support  and  assisttheir parents.  Violation of the freedom ofmarriage is prohibited.Maltreatment of old people, women and childrenis prohibited.

Article 50

The  People's  Republic of  China  protects  the legitimate  rights  andinterests of Chinese nationals residingabroad  and protects  the  lawfulrights and interests of  returned  overseas Chinese  and  of  the familymembers of Chinese nationals residingabroad.

Article 51

Citizens of the People'sRepublic of China, in exercising their  freedomsand rights, may not infringe upon the interestsof the state,  of societyor of the collective, or upon thelawful  freedoms and  rights  of  othercitizens.

Article 52

It is the duty of citizens ofthe People's Republic of China to safeguardthe unification of the country and the unity ofall its nationalities.

Article 53

Citizens of the People'sRepublic of China must abide by the Constitutionand the law, keep state secrets, protect publicproperty,  observe labourdiscipline and public order and respect socialethics.

Article 54

It is the duty of citizens ofthe People's Republic of China to safeguardthe security, honour and interests of themotherland; they must not commitacts detrimental to the security, honour andinterests of the motherland.

Article 55

It is the sacred duty of everycitizen of the People's Republic of  Chinato defend the motherland and resistaggression.It is the honorable duty of citizens of thePeople's Republic of China toperform military service and join the militia inaccordance with the law.

Article 56

It is duty of citizens of thePeople's Republic of China to pay taxes  inaccordance with the law.

    Chapter III The Structure of the State

Section 1 The National People'sCongress

Article 57

The National People's Congressof the People's Republic of China  is  thehighest organ of state power. Its permanent bodyis the Standing Committeeof the National People's Congress.

Article 58

The National People's Congressand its  Standing Committee  exercise  thelegislative power of the state.

Article 59

The National People's Congressis composed of deputies elected  from  theprovinces,  autonomous  regions  and municipalities  directly  under theCentral Government and of deputies elected fromthe armed forces. All  theminority nationalities are entitled toappropriate representation.Election of deputies to the National People'sCongress is conducted by theStanding Committee of the National People'sCongress.The number of deputies to the National People'sCongress and the procedureof their election are prescribed bylaw.

Article 60

The National People's Congressis elected for a term of five years.The Standing Committee of the National People'sCongress must  ensure thecompletion of election of deputiesto  the  succeeding National  People'sCongress two months prior to the expiration ofthe term of office  of thecurrent National People's  Congress.  Should extraordinary  circumstancesprevent such an election, it may be postponedand the term  of office  ofthe current National People's Congress extendedby the decision of a  voteof more than two-thirds of all thoseon  the  Standing Committee  of  thecurrent National People's  Congress.  The election  of  deputies  to thesucceeding National People's Congress must becompleted  within one  yearafter the termination of such extraordinarycircumstances.

Article 61

The National People'sCongress  meets in  session  once  a year  and  isconvened by its Standing Committee. Asession  of the  National  People'sCongress may be convened at any  time  the Standing  Committee deems  itnecessary or when more than one-fifthof  the  deputies to  the  NationalPeople's Congress so propose.When the National People's  Congress  meets, it  elects  a  Presidium toconduct its session.

Article 62

The NationalPeople's  Congress exercises  the  following  functions andpowers:

(1) to amend theConstitution;

(2) to supervise the enforcementof the Constitution;

(3) to enact andamend  basic laws  governing  criminal  offences, civilaffairs, the state organs and othermatters;

(4) to elect the President andthe Vice-President of the People's Republicof China;

(5) to decide on the choice ofthe  Premier  of the  State  Council  uponnomination by the President of the People'sRepublic of China, and on thechoice of the Vice-Premiers, StateCouncillors,  Ministers in  charge  ofministries or commissions, the Auditor-Generaland  the  Secretary-Generalof the State Council upon nomination by thePremier;

(6) to elect the Chairman of theCentral  Military Commission  and,  uponnomination by the Chairman, to decide on thechoice of all  other membersof the Central Military Commission;

(7) to elect the President ofthe Supreme People's Court;

(8) to elect theProcurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate;

(9) to examine and approvethe  plan  for national  economic  and  socialdevelopment and the report on itsimplementation;

(10) to examine andapprove  the state  budget  and  the report  on  itsimplementation;

(11) to alter or annulinappropriate decisions of the Standing  Committeeof the National People's Congress;

(12) to approve theestablishment of provinces, autonomous  regions,  andmunicipalities directly under the CentralGovernment;

(13) to decide on theestablishment of special administrative regions  andthe systems to be instituted there;

(14) to decide on questions ofwar and peace; and

(15) to exercise such otherfunctions and powers as the highest organ  ofstate power should exercise.

Article 63

The National People's Congresshas the power to  remove from  office  thefollowing persons:

(1) the President andthe  Vice-President  of the  People's  Republic  ofChina;

(2) the Premier, Vice-Premiers,State Councillors, Ministers in charge  ofministries or commissions, the Auditor-Generaland  the  Secretary-Generalof the State Council;

(3) the Chairman of the CentralMilitary Commission and other members  ofthe Commission;

(4) the President of the SupremePeople's Court; and

(5) the Procurator-General ofthe Supreme People's Procuratorate.Article 64Amendments to  the  Constitution  are to  be  proposed  by the  StandingCommittee of the National People's Congress orby more than  one-fifth ofthe deputies to the National People's Congressand adopted by  a vote  ofmore than two-thirds of all the deputies to theCongress.Laws and resolutions are to be adoptedby  a  majority vote  of  all  thedeputies to the National People'sCongress.

Article 65

The Standing Committee of theNational People's Congress is  composed  ofthe following: the Chairman;the Vice-Chairmen;the Secretary-General; andthe members.Minority nationalities are entitled toappropriate representation on  theStanding Committee of the National People'sCongress.The National People's Congress  elects,  and has  the  power  to recall,members of its Standing Committee.No one on the Standing Committee of the NationalPeople's  Congress shallhold office in any of the administrative,judicial or procuratorial organsof the state.

Article 66

The Standing Committee of theNational People's Congress is  elected  forthe same term as the National People'sCongress;  it shall  exercise  itsfunctions and powers until a newStanding  Committee is  elected  by  thesucceeding National People'sCongress.  The Chairman and Vice-Chairmen  ofthe Standing Committee shall serve no more thantwo consecutive terms.

Article 67

The Standing Committee of theNational  People's Congress  exercises  thefollowing functions and powers:

(1) to interpret theConstitution and supervise its enforcement;

(2) to enact and amend laws,with the exception of those which should  beenacted by the National People'sCongress;

(3) to partially supplement andamend, when the National People's Congressis not in session, laws enacted by the NationalPeople's Congress providedthat the basic principles of these laws are notcontravened;

(4) to interpret laws;

(5) to review and approve, whenthe National People's Congress is not  insession, partial adjustments to the plan fornational economic and  socialdevelopment or to the state budget that provenecessary in the  course oftheir implementation;

(6) to supervise the workof  the  State Council,  the  Central  MilitaryCommission,  the  Supreme  People's Court  and   the  Supreme   People'sProcuratorate;

(7) to annul thoseadministrative  rules and  regulations,  decisions  ororders of the State Council that contravene theConstitution or the law;

(8) to annul those localregulations or decisions of the organs  of  statepower of provinces, autonomous regions, andmunicipalities directly underthe Central Government that contravene theConstitution, the  law or  theadministrative rules and regulations;

(9) to decide, when the NationalPeople's Congress is not in session,  onthe choice of Ministers  in  charge of  ministries  or  commissions,  theAuditor-General  or  the  Secretary-General  of  the  State Council  uponnomination by the Premier of the StateCouncil;

(10) to decide, upon nominationby the Chairman of  the Central  MilitaryCommission, on the choice of other membersof  the  Commission,  when  theNational People's Congress is not insession;

(11) to appoint or remove, atthe recommendation of the President of  theSupreme People's Court, theVice-Presidents  and Judges  of  the  SupremePeople's Court, members of its JudicialCommittee and the President of theMilitary Court;

(12) to appoint or remove, atthe recommendation of the Procurator-Generalof the Supreme People's Procuratorate, theDeputy Procurators-General andprocurators  of  the  Supreme People's  Procuratorate,  members  of  itsProcuratorial  Committee  and  the Chief  Procurator  of   the  MilitaryProcuratorate, and to approve theappointment  or removal  of  the  chiefprocurators  of  the  people's procuratorates  of  provinces, autonomousregions, and municipalities directly under theCentral Government;

(13)  to  decide on  the  appointment  or  recall   of   plenipotentiaryrepresentatives abroad;

(14) to decide on theratification or abrogation of treaties and importantagreements concluded with foreignstates;

(15) to institute systems oftitles and ranks for military and diplomaticpersonnel and of other specific titles andranks;

(16) to institute state medalsand titles of honour and decide  on  theirconferment;

(17) to decide on the grantingof special pardons;

(18) to decide, when theNational People's Congress is not in session,  onthe proclamation of a state of war in the eventof an armed attack on  thecountry or in fulfillment of internationaltreaty  obligations  concerningcommon defence against aggression;

(19) to decide on generalmobilization or partial mobilization;

(20) to decide on the impositionof martial law throughout the country  orin particular provinces, autonomousregions,  or municipalities  directlyunder the Central Government; and

(21) to exercise such otherfunctions and powers as the National  People'sCongress may assign to it.

Article 68

The Chairman of the StandingCommittee of the National People's  Congressdirects the work of the Standing Committee andconvenes its meetings.  TheVice-Chairmen and the Secretary-General assistthe Chairman in his work.The Chairman, the Vice-Chairmen and theSecretary-General  constitute theCouncil of Chairmen which handles theimportant  day-to-day work  of  theStanding Committee of the National People'sCongress.

Article 69

The Standing Committee of theNational People's Congress is responsible tothe National People's Congress and reports onits work to the Congress.

Article 70

The National People's Congressestablishes a  Nationalities  Committee,  aLaw Committee, a Finance and EconomicCommittee,  an Education,  Science,Culture and Public Health  Committee,  a Foreign  Affairs  Committee,  anOverseas Chinese Committee  and  such other  special  committees  as arenecessary. These special  committees  work under  the  direction  of theStanding Committee of the National People'sCongress when the Congress isnot in session.The special committees examine, discuss anddraw  up  relevant bills  anddraft resolutions under the direction ofthe  National  People's Congressand its Standing Committee.

Article 71

The National People's Congressand its Standing Committee may, when theydeem it necessary, appoint committees of inquiryinto  specific  questionsand adopt relevant resolutions in the light oftheir reports.  All organsof state, public organizations  and  citizens concerned  are  obliged  tofurnish necessary information to  the  committees of  inquiry  when  theyconduct investigations.

Article 72

Deputies to the NationalPeople's Congress and  members of  its  StandingCommittee have the right, in accordance withprocedures prescribed by law,to submit bills and proposals within the scopeof the respective functionsand powers of the National People's Congress andits Standing Committee.

Article 73

Deputies to the NationalPeople's Congress and  members of  the  StandingCommittee have the right, during thesessions  of the  Congress  and  themeetings of the  Committee,  to  address questions,  in  accordance  withprocedures prescribed by law, to the StateCouncil or the  ministries andcommissions under the State Council, which mustanswer the questions in aresponsible manner.

Article 74

No deputy to the NationalPeople's Congress may be arrested or  placed  oncriminal trial without the consent of thePresidium of the current sessionof the National People's Congress or, when theNational People's  Congressis not in session, without the consent of itsStanding Committee.

Article 75

Deputies to the NationalPeople's Congress may not be held legally  liablefor their speeches or votes at itsmeetings.

Article 76

Deputies to the NationalPeople's Congress must play an exemplary role  inabiding by the Constitution and the law andkeeping state secrets and, inpublic activities, production and other work,assist in the enforcement ofthe Constitution and the law.  Deputiesto the National People's Congressshould maintain close contact with the unitswhich elected them  and withthe people, heed and convey the opinions anddemands  of the  people  andwork hard to serve them.

Article 77

Deputies to the NationalPeople's Congress are subject to supervision  bythe units which elected them. The electoralunits have the power,  throughprocedures prescribed by law, to recall deputiesthey elected.

Article 78

The organization and workingprocedures of the National People's Congressand its Standing Committee are prescribed bylaw.Section  2   The   President   of   the   People's   Republic   of   China

Article 79

The President and Vice-Presidentof the People's  Republic of  China  areelected by the National People's Congress.Citizens of the People's Republic of China whohave the right to vote  andto stand for election and who have reached theage of 45 are eligible  forelection as President or Vice-President of thePeople's Republic of China.The term of office of the Presidentand  Vice-President  of the  People'sRepublic of China is the same as that of theNational  People's Congress,and they shall serve no more than twoconsecutive terms.

Article 80

The President of the People'sRepublic  of China,  in  pursuance  of thedecisions of the National People's Congressand  its  Standing Committee,promulgates statutes, appoints  or  removes the  Premier,  Vice-Premiers,State Councillors, Ministers in charge ofministries or  commissions,  theAuditor-General and the Secretary-General ofthe  State Council;  confersstate medals and titles of honour; issues ordersof special pardons;proclaims martial law; proclaims a state of war;and  issues  mobilizationorders.

Article 81

The  President  of the  People's  Republic  of China  receives   foreigndiplomatic representatives on behalf ofthe  People's  Republic of  Chinaand, in pursuance of the  decisions  of the  Standing  Committee  of theNational  People's   Congress,   appoints   or   recalls   plenipotentiaryrepresentatives abroad, and ratifies orabrogates treaties  and importantagreements concluded with foreignstates.

Article 82

The Vice-President of thePeople's Republic of China assists the Presidentin his work.  The Vice-President of thePeople's  Republic of  China  mayexercise such functions and powers of thePresident as the  President mayentrust to him.

Article 83

The President  and  Vice-President  of  the  People's Republic  of  Chinaexercise their functions and powersuntil  the new  President  and  Vice-President elected by the  succeeding  National People's  Congress  assumeoffice.

Article 84

In the event that the office ofthe President of the People's Republic  ofChina falls vacant, theVice-President  succeeds to  the  office  of thePresident.In the event that  the  office  of the  Vice-President  of  the People'sRepublic of China falls vacant, the NationalPeople's Congress shall electa new Vice-President to fill the vacancy. In theevent that the office  ofboth the President and theVice-President  of the  People's  Republic  ofChina fall vacant, the  National  People's Congress  shall  elect  a newPresident and a new Vice-President. Prior tosuch election,  the Chairmanof the  Standing  Committee  of the  National  People's  Congress shalltemporarily act as the President of the People'sRepublic of China.Section 3 The State Council

Article 85

The State Council,that  is,  the Central  People's  Government,  of thePeople's Republic of China is the executive bodyof the highest  organ ofstate power; it is the highest organ of stateadministration.

Article 86The State Council is composed of thefollowing:the Premier;the Vice-Premiers;the State Councillors;the Ministers in charge of ministries;the Ministers in charge of commissions;the Auditor-General; andthe Secretary-General.The Premier assumes overallresponsibility  for the  work  of  the StateCouncil. The Ministers assume overallresponsibility for the work of  theministries and commissions.  Theorganization  of the  State  Council  isprescribed by law.

Article 87

The term of office of theState  Council is  the  same  as that  of  theNational People's Congress.The Premier, Vice-Premiers and State Councillorsshall serve no more  thantwo consecutive terms.

Article 88

The Premier directs the work ofthe State Council. The  Vice-Premiers  andState Councillors assist the Premier in hiswork.Executive meetings of the State Council are tobe attended by the Premier,the Vice-Premiers, the State Councillors and theSecretary-General of  theState Council.  The Premier  convenes  and presides  over  the  executivemeetings and plenary meetings of the StateCouncil.

Article 89

The State Council exercises thefollowing functions and powers:

(1) to adopt  administrative  measures, enact  administrative  rules  andregulations  and  issue  decisions and  orders  in  accordance with  theConstitution and the law;

(2) to submit proposals to theNational People's Congress or its  StandingCommittee;

(3) to formulate the tasksand  responsibilities of  the  ministries  andcommissions of the State Council, to exerciseunified leadership over thework of  the  ministries  and commissions  and  to  direct   all   otheradministrative work of a national character thatdoes not fall within  thejurisdiction of the ministries andcommissions;

(4) to exercise unifiedleadership over the work of local organs of  stateadministration at various levels throughout thecountry, and to  formulatethe detailed  division  of  functions and  powers  between  the CentralGovernment and the organs of stateadministration of provinces, autonomousregions, and municipalities directly under theCentral Government;

(5) to draw up and implement theplan for  national economic  and  socialdevelopment and the state budget;

(6) to  direct  and administer  economic  affairs  and urban  and  ruraldevelopment;

(7) to direct and administer theaffairs of education,  science, culture,public health, physical culture and familyplanning;

(8) to direct andadminister  civil affairs,  public  security,  judicialadministration, supervision and other relatedmatters;

(9) to conduct foreign affairsand conclude treaties and agreements  withforeign states;

(10) to direct and administerthe building of national defence;

(11) to direct and administeraffairs concerning the nationalities and  tosafeguard the equal rights ofminority  nationalities  and  the  right toautonomy of the national autonomousareas;

(12) to protect the legitimaterights and interests of Chinese  nationalsresiding abroad and protect the lawful rightsand  interests  of returnedoverseas Chinese and of the family members ofChinese  nationals residingabroad;

(13) to alter or annulinappropriate orders,  directives and  regulationsissued by the ministries orcommissions;

(14) to alter or annulinappropriate decisions and orders issued by  localorgans of state administration at variouslevels;

(15) to approve the geographicdivision of provinces,  autonomous regionsand municipalities directly under the CentralGovernment, and  to approvethe establishment  and  geographic  division of  autonomous  prefectures,counties, autonomous counties, andcities;

(16) to decide on the impositionof martial law  in parts  of  provinces,autonomous  regions,  and  municipalities  directly  under   the  CentralGovernment;

(17) to examine and decide onthe size of administrative organs  and,  inaccordance with the law, to appointor  remove  administrative  officials,train them, appraise their performance andreward or punish them; and

(18) to exercise such otherfunctions and powers as the National  People'sCongress or its Standing Committee may assign toit.

Article 90

Ministers in charge of theministries or commissions of the State  Councilare responsible for the work of  their  respective departments  and  theyconvene and preside over ministerialmeetings  or general  and  executivemeetings of the commissions to discuss anddecide on major issues  in thework of their respective  departments.  The  ministries  and  commissionsissue orders, directives and regulations withinthe jurisdiction of  theirrespective  departments  and  in accordance  with   the   law  and   theadministrative rules and regulations, decisionsand orders issued  by theState Council.

Article 91

The State Council  establishes  an auditing  body  to  supervise throughauditing the revenue and expenditure of alldepartments  under the  StateCouncil and of the local governments at variouslevels,  and the  revenueand expenditure of all financial andmonetary  organizations,  enterprisesand institutions of the state.Under the direction of the Premier of the StateCouncil, the auditing bodyindependently exercises its  power  of supervision  through  auditing  inaccordance  with  the  law, subject  to  no  interference  by  any  otheradministrative organ or any public organizationor individual.

Article 92

The State Council is responsibleand reports on its work to the  NationalPeople's Congress or, when  the  National People's  Congress  is  not insession, to its Standing Committee.Section 4 The Central MilitaryCommission

Article 93

The Central Military Commissionof the People's Republic of China directsthe armed forces of the country.The Central Military Commission is composed ofthe following:the Chairman;the Vice-Chairmen; andthe members.The Chairman assumes overall responsibility forthe work  of the  CentralMilitary Commission.The term of office of the Central MilitaryCommission is the same as thatof the National People's Congress.

Article 94

The Chairman of the CentralMilitary  Commission is  responsible  to  theNational People's Congress and its StandingCommittee.Section 5 The Local People's Congresses andLocal People's Governments atVarious Levels

Article 95

People's congresses and people'sgovernments are established in provinces,municipalities directly under theCentral  Government,  counties,  cities,municipal districts, townships, nationalitytownships, and towns.The organization  of  local people's  congresses  and   local   people'sgovernments at various levels is prescribed bylaw.Organs  of  self-government  are established   in   autonomous  regions,autonomous prefectures  and  autonomous counties.  The  organization  andworking procedures of organs of self-governmentare prescribed by  law inaccordance with the basic principles laid downin Sections 5 and 6 of

    Chapter III of the Constitution.

Article 96

Local people's congresses atvarious levels  are local  organs  of  statepower.  Local people's congressesat and above the county level establishstanding committees.

Article 97

Deputies to the people'scongresses of provinces, municipalities  directlyunder the Central Government and cities dividedinto districts are electedby the people's congresses at  the  next lower  level;  deputies  to thepeople's congresses  of  counties, cities  not  divided  into districts,municipal districts,  townships,  nationality  townships,  and  towns areelected directly by their constituencies.The number of deputies to local people'scongresses at various levels andthe manner of their election are prescribed bylaw.

Article 98

The term of office of thepeople's congresses of provinces, municipalitiesdirectly under the Central Government and citiesdivided into districts isfive years. The term of office ofthe  people's  congresses of  counties,cities  not  divided  into districts,  municipal  districts,  townships,nationality townships, and towns is threeyears.

Article 99

Local people's congresses atvarious  levels ensure  the  observance  andimplementation of the Constitutionand  the  law and  the  administrativerules and regulations in their respectiveadministrative areas. Within thelimits of their authority asprescribed  by law,  they  adopt  and  issueresolutions and examine  and  decide on  plans  for  local economic  andcultural development and for the developmentof  public  services.   Localpeople's congresses at and  above  the county  level  shall  examine andapprove the plans for economic and socialdevelopment and the  budgets oftheir respective administrative areas andexamine and approve the reportson their  implementation.  They  have the  power  to  alter   or   annulinappropriate decisions of their own  standing  committees.  The  people'scongresses of nationality  townships  may, within  the  limits  of theirauthority as prescribed by law,  take  specific measures  suited  to  thecharacteristics of the nationalitiesconcerned.

Article 100

The people's congresses ofprovinces and municipalities directly under theCentral  Government  and  their standing  committees  may   adopt   localregulations, which must not contravene theConstitution and  the law  andadministrative rules and regulations, andthey  shall  report such  localregulations to the Standing Committee ofthe  National  People's Congressfor the record.

Article 101

Local people's congresses attheir respective levels elect and  have  thepower to recall governors and  deputy  governors, or  mayors  and  deputymayors, or heads and deputy heads ofcounties,  districts, townships  andtowns.Local people's congresses at and above thecounty level  elect, and  havethe power to recall, presidents of people'scourts and  chief procuratorsof people's procuratorates at thecorresponding  level. The  election  orrecall of chief procurators of people'sprocuratorates shall  be reportedto the chief procurators of the people'sprocuratorates at the next higherlevel for submission to the standing committeesof the people's congressesat the corresponding level forapproval.

Article 102

Deputies to the people'scongresses of provinces, municipalities  directlyunder the Central Government and cities dividedinto districts are subjectto supervision by the units which elected them;deputies to  the people'scongresses of counties,  cities  not divided  into  districts,  municipaldistricts, townships, nationalitytownships,  and towns  are  subject  tosupervision by their constituencies.The electoral units and  constituencies  which elect  deputies  to  localpeople's congresses at  various  levels have  the  power  to recall  thedeputies according to procedures prescribed bylaw.

Article 103

The standing committee of alocal  people's congress  at  and  above thecounty level is composed of a chairman,vice-chairmen and members, and isresponsible and reports on its  work  to the  people's  congress  at thecorresponding level.A local people's congress at or above the countylevel elects, and has thepower to recall, members of its standingcommittee.No one on the standing committee of a localpeople's congress at or abovethe county level shall hold office in stateadministrative,  judicial andprocuratorial organs.

Article 104

The standing committee of alocal people's congress at or above the countylevel discusses and decides on major issues inall fields of work  in itsadministrative area; supervises  the  work of  the  people's  government,people's court and people's procuratorate at thecorresponding level;annuls inappropriate decisions and orders ofthe  people's  government atthe corresponding level; annuls inappropriateresolutions of the  people'scongress at the next lower level; decides on theappointment or removal offunctionaries of state organs  within  the limits  of  its  authority asprescribed by law; and, when the people'scongress  at the  correspondinglevel is not in session,  recalls  individual deputies  to  the  people'scongress at the next higher level and electsindividual deputies  to fillvacancies in that people's congress.

Article 105

Local people's governments atvarious levels are the executive bodies  oflocal organs of  state  power  as well  as  the  local organs  of  stateadministration at the correspondinglevels.Governors, mayors and heads of counties,districts,  townships and  townsassume overall responsibility for localpeople's  governments at  variouslevels.

Article 106

The term of office of localpeople's governments at various levels is  thesame as that of the people's congresses at thecorresponding levels.

Article 107

Local people's governments atand  above  the county  level,  within  thelimits of their authority asprescribed  by law,  conduct  administrativework concerning the economy, education, science,culture,  public health,physical culture, urban and rural  development,  finance, civil  affairs,public   security,   nationalities  affairs,   judicial   administration,supervision and family planning in theirrespective administrative areas;issue   decisions   and   orders;   appoint   or   remove   administrativefunctionaries, train them, appraise theirperformance and reward or punishthem.People's  governments  of  townships, nationality  townships,  and  townsexecute the resolutions of the people'scongresses  at the  correspondinglevels as well as the decisions andorders  of the  state  administrativeorgans at the next higher level and conductadministrative work  in theirrespective administrative areas.  People'sgovernments  of provinces  andmunicipalities  directly  under  the Central  Government  decide  on theestablishment and geographic division oftownships, nationality townships,and towns.

Article 108

Local people's governments atand above the county level direct the  workof their subordinate departments and  of  people's governments  at  lowerlevels, and have the power to alter orannul  inappropriate  decisions  oftheir subordinate departments and ofthe  people's  governments  at  lowerlevels.

Article 109

Auditing bodies are establishedby local people's governments at and abovethe county level. Local auditing bodiesat  various  levels independentlyexercise their power of supervision throughauditing  in accordance  withthe law  and  are  responsible  to  the  people's   government  at   thecorresponding level and to the auditing body atthe next higher level.

Article 110

Local people's governments atvarious levels are responsible and report ontheir work to people's  congresses  at the  corresponding  levels.  Localpeople's governments at and above thecounty  level are  responsible  andreport on their work to the standing committeesof the people's congressesat the corresponding levels when the congressesare not in session.Local people's governments at various levels areresponsible and report ontheir work to the state administrative organs atthe next higher level.Local people's governments at various levels throughout  the country  arestate administrative organs underthe  unified  leadership of  the  StateCouncil and are subordinate to it.

Article 111

The residents committees andvillagers committees established among  urbanand rural residents on the basis oftheir  place of  residence  are  massorganizations of self-management at thegrass-roots level.  The chairman,vice-chairmen and members of eachresidents  or villagers  committee  areelected by the residents.  The  relationship  between  the  residents andvillagers  committees  and  the grass-roots  organs  of  state power  isprescribed by law.The residents  and  villagers  committees establish  sub-committees  forpeople's mediation, public security, publichealth and  other matters  inorder to manage public affairs and socialservices in their areas, mediatecivil disputes, help maintain public order andconvey  residents opinionsand demands and make suggestions to the people'sgovernment.Section 6 The Organs  of  Self-Government  of  National  Autonomous Areas

Article 112

The organs  of  self-government  of  national  autonomous areas  are  thepeople's  congresses  and  people's governments  of  autonomous  regions,autonomous prefectures and autonomouscounties.

Article 113

In the people's congress of anautonomous region, autonomous prefecture orautonomous  county,  in  addition to  the  deputies  of the  nationalityexercising  regional  autonomy  in the  administrative  area,  the othernationalities  inhabiting  the  area are  also  entitled  to appropriaterepresentation.Among the chairman and vice-chairmenof  the  standing committee  of  thepeople's congress  of  an  autonomous region,  autonomous  prefecture  orautonomous county there shall be one or morecitizens of  the nationalityor nationalities exercising regional autonomy inthe area concerned.

Article 114

The chairman of  an  autonomous region,  the  prefect  of an  autonomousprefecture or the head of an autonomous countyshall be a citizen  of thenationality exercising regional autonomy in thearea concerned.

Article 115

The  organs  of self-government   of   autonomous   regions,   autonomousprefectures and autonomous counties exercise thefunctions and  powers oflocal organs of state as specified in Section5  of  Chapter III  of  theConstitution. At the same time, they exercisethe power of autonomy withinthe limits of their authority as prescribed bythe Constitution,  the Lawof the People's Republic of China on RegionalNational Autonomy and  otherlaws and implement the laws and policies of thestate in the light of  theexisting local situation.

Article 116

The people's congresses ofnational autonomous areas have  the  power  toenact  regulations  on  the exercise  of  autonomy  and other   separateregulations  in  the  light of  the  political,  economic and   culturalcharacteristics  of  the  nationality  or  nationalities  in  the   areasconcerned. The regulations on the exercise ofautonomy and other  separateregulations of autonomous regions  shall  be submitted  to  the  StandingCommittee of the National People's Congress forapproval  before they  gointo effect.  Those  of  autonomous prefectures  and  counties  shall besubmitted  to  the  standing committee  of  the  people's congresses  ofprovinces or autonomous regions for approvalbefore they go  into effect,and they shall be reported to  the  Standing Committee  of  the  NationalPeople's Congress for the record.

Article 117

The organs of self-government ofthe national autonomous areas  have  thepower of autonomy in  administering  the finances  of  their  areas. Allrevenues accruing to the nationalautonomous  areas under  the  financialsystem of the state shall be managedand  used  by the  organs  of  self-government of those areas on theirown.

Article 118

The  organs  of self-government  of   the  national   autonomous  areasindependently arrange for and administer localeconomic development  underthe guidance of state plans. In exploitingnatural resources and  buildingenterprises in the national autonomous areas,the  state  shall give  dueconsideration to the interests of thoseareas.

Article 119

The  organs  of self-government of  the   national   autonomous  areasindependently administer educational,scientific, cultural, public healthand physical culture affairs in their respectiveareas, protect  and siftthrough the cultural heritage of thenationalities and work for a vigorousdevelopment of their cultures.

Article 120

The organs of self-government ofthe national  autonomous areas  may,  inaccordance with the military system of the stateand practical local needsand with the approval of the State Council,organize local public securityforces for the maintenance of publicorder.

Article 121

In performing their  functions,  the organs  of  self-government  of thenational autonomous areas, in  accordance  with the  regulations  on  theexercise of autonomy  in  those areas,  employ  the  spoken and  writtenlanguage or languages in common use in thelocality.

Article 122

The state provides financial,material and  technical assistance  to  theminority  nationalities  to  accelerate their   economic   and   culturaldevelopment.The state helps the national  autonomous  areas train  large  numbers  ofcadres at various levels and specializedpersonnel and skilled workers ofvarious professions and trades from among thenationality or nationalitiesin those areas.Section  7  The  People's   Courts   and   the  People's   Procuratorates

Article 123

The people's courts of thePeople's Republic of  China  are  the  judicialorgans of the state.

Article 124

The People's Republic of Chinaestablishes the Supreme People's Court  andthe people's courts at various locallevels,  military courts  and  otherspecial people's courts.  The termof  office  of the  President  of  theSupreme People's Court is the  same  as that  of  the  National People'sCongress. The President shall serve no more thantwo consecutive terms.The organization of the people's courts isprescribed by law.

Article 125

Except in special circumstancesas specified by  law, all  cases  in  thepeople's courts are heard in public. The accusedhas the right to defence.

Article 126

The people's courts exercisejudicial power independently, in  accordancewith the provisions of the law, and are notsubject to interference by anyadministrative organ, public organization orindividual.

Article 127

The Supreme People's Court isthe highest judicial organ.The Supreme People's Court supervises theadministration of justice by thepeople's courts at various  local  levels and  by  the  special people'scourts. People's courts at higher levelssupervise the  administration  ofjustice by those at lower levels.

Article 128

The Supreme  People's  Court is  responsible  to  the National  People'sCongress and its Standing Committee.  Local  people's courts  at  variouslevels are responsible to the organs of statepower which created them.

Article 129

The people's procuratorates ofthe People's Republic of China  are  stateorgans for legal supervision.

Article 130

The  People's  Republic of  China  establishes  the   Supreme   People'sProcuratorate and the people'sprocuratorates  at various  local  levels,military procuratorates and other specialpeople's procuratorates.The term of office of  the  Procurator-General  of  the  Supreme People'sProcuratorate is the same as that of theNational People's  Congress; theProcurator-General shall serve no more than twoconsecutive terms.The organization of the people's procuratoratesis prescribed by law.

Article 131

The people's procuratoratesexercise procuratorial power independently, inaccordance with the  provisions  of the  law,  and  are not  subject  tointerference  by  any  administrative  organ,   public   organization   orindividual.

Article 132

The Supreme People'sProcuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ.The Supreme People's  Procuratorate  directs the  work  of  the people'sprocuratorates at  various  local  levels and  of  the  special people'sprocuratorates. People's procuratorates athigher levels direct  the workof those at lower levels.

Article 133

The Supreme People'sProcuratorate is responsible to the National People'sCongress and its Standing Committee.People's  procuratorates  at  variouslocal levels are responsible to the organs ofstate  power which  createdthem and to the people's procuratorates athigher levels.

Article 134

Citizens of all China'snationalities have the right to use their  nativespoken and written languages in courtproceedings. The people's courts andpeople's procuratorates should providetranslation for any  party to  thecourt proceedings who is not familiar with thespoken or written languagescommonly used in the locality.In an area where people of a minoritynationality live in  a concentratedcommunity or where a number of nationalitieslive together, court hearingsshould be conducted in the languageor  languages  commonly used  in  thelocality; indictments, judgments, notices andother  documents should  bewritten, according to actual needs, in thelanguage or languages  commonlyused in the locality.

Article 135

The people's courts, thepeople's procuratorates and the public  securityorgans shall, in handling criminalcases,  divide their  functions,  eachtaking responsibility for its own work, andthey  shall  coordinate theirefforts  and  check  each other  to  ensure  the correct  and  effectiveenforcement of the law.

    Chapter IV The National Flag, the National Emblem andthe Capital

Article 136

The national flag of thePeople's Republic of China is a  red  flag  withfive stars.

Article 137

The national emblem of thePeople's Republic of China consists of an imageof Tian'anmen in its centre illuminated byfive  stars  and encircled  byears of grain and a cogwheel.

Article 138

The capital of the People'sRepublic of China is Beijing.

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